Observations on lactate content of sweat. Sweating responses during changes of hypothalamic temperature in the rhesus monkey. Skin blood flow and local temperature independently modify sweat rate during passive heat stress in humans. Importance of skin temperature in the regulation of sweating. Peripheral modifications to the central drive for sweating. Evidence that transient changes in sudomotor output with cold and warm fluid ingestion are independently modulated by abdominal, but not oral thermoreceptors.
Staying warm in the cold with a hot drink: the role of visceral thermoreceptors. Does intramuscular thermal feedback modulate eccrine sweating in exercising humans? Acta Physiol Oxf. Stimulation of pentose cycle in the eccrine sweat gland by adrenergic drugs.
Integrated physiological mechanisms of exercise performance, adaptation, and maladaptation to heat stress. Mechanisms and controllers of eccrine sweating in humans. Front Biosci Schol Ed. Non-thermoregulatory modulation of sweating in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. Function of human eccrine sweat glands during dynamic exercise and passive heat stress. Regional differences in the effect of exercise intensity on thermoregulatory sweating and cutaneous vasodilation.
Acta Physiol Scand. Effects of training, environment, and host factors on the sweating response to exercise. Int J Sports Med. Control of sweating rate while exercising in the heat. Med Sci Sports. Plasma aldosterone and sweat sodium concentrations after exercise and heat acclimation. Influence of acclimatization on sweat sodium concentration.
Thermoregulatory responses of middle-aged and young men during dry-heat acclimation. Human heat acclimitization. Indianapolis: Benchmark Press; Maximal oxygen uptake, sweating and tolerance to exercise in the heat. Int J Biometeorol. Exercise- and methylcholine-induced sweating responses in older and younger men: effect of heat acclimation and aerobic fitness.
Effects of ageing and physical training on the peripheral sweat production of the human eccrine sweat gland. Age Ageing. Effect of physical training on peripheral sweat production. Human heat adaptation. Skin blood flow and sweating changes following exercise training and heat acclimation.
Mechanisms of thermal acclimation to exercise and heat. Long distance runners present upregulated sweating responses than sedentary counterparts.
PLoS One. Adaptive modifications in the thermoregulatory system of long-distance runners. Cholinergic sensitivity of the eccrine sweat gland in trained and untrained men.
Thermoregulatory and blood responses during exercise at graded hypohydration levels. Control of thermoregulatory sweating is altered by hydration level and exercise intensity. Effect of hyperosmolality on control of blood flow and sweating.
Local sweating responses of different body areas in dehydration-hydration experiments. J Physiol Paris. Divergent roles of plasma osmolality and the baroreflex on sweating and skin blood flow.
Plasma hyperosmolality augments peripheral vascular response to baroreceptor unloading during heat stress. Effect of blood volume on sweating rate and body fluids in exercising humans.
Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector. Handb Clin Neurol. Eccrine sweating and mortality during heat waves in very young and very old persons. Isr J Med Sci. Methylcholine-activated eccrine sweat gland density and output as a function of age. Longitudinal effects of age on heat-activated sweat gland density and output in healthy active older men. Age-related decrements in heat dissipation during physical activity occur as early as the age of Sweat responses in the aged.
Regional differences in the sweating responses of older and younger men. Regional differences in age-related decrements of the cutaneous vascular and sweating responses to passive heating. Nonuniform, age-related decrements in regional sweating and skin blood flow.
Mechanisms underlying the age-related decrement in the human sweating response. Invited review: aging and human temperature regulation. Comparison of thermoregulatory responses to exercise in dry heat among prepubertal boys, young adults and older males. Exp Physiol. Sweating and skin blood flow during exercise: effects of age and maximal oxygen uptake. The effect of ageing and fitness on thermoregulatory response to high-intensity exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Thermoregulation at rest and during exercise in healthy older adults In: Holloszy JO, editor.
Exercise and sport sciences reviews. Responses of older and younger women to exercise in dry and humid heat without fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Sex differences in acetylcholine-induced sweating responses due to physical training. J Physiol Anthropol. Sex differences in postsynaptic sweating and cutaneous vasodilation. Sex differences in thermoeffector responses during exercise at fixed requirements for heat loss.
Sex modulates whole-body sudomotor thermosensitivity during exercise. J Physiol. Exercise and the Female. A Life Span Approach. Body mapping of sweating patterns in athletes: a sex comparison. American college of sports medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Physiological responses of men and women to prolonged dry heat exposure. Aviat Space Environ Med. Physiological responses of men and women to humid and dry heat. The relative influence of physical fitness, acclimatization state, anthropometric measures and gender on individual reactions to heat stress.
Variations in body morphology explain sex differences in thermoeffector function during compensable heat stress. Sex hormone effects on autonomic mechanisms of thermoregulation in humans.
Auton Neurosci. Modeling of gender differences in thermoregulation. Mil Med. A review of comparative responses of men and women to heat stress. Environ Res. Reproductive hormone influences on thermoregulation in women. Does sex have an independent effect on thermoeffector responses during exercise in the heat? Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat in children: old concepts revisited. Sweat electrolyte loss during exercise in the heat: effects of gender and maturation.
Sweat gland response to exercise in the heat among pre-, mid-, and late-pubertal boys. Local sweating and cutaneous blood flow during exercise in hypobaric environments.
Effect of acute normobaric hypoxia on peripheral sweat rate. High Alt Med Biol. The influence of acute and 23 days of intermittent hypoxic exposures on the exercise-induced forehead sweating response. Eur J Appl Physiol. Nocturnal lowering of thresholds for sweating and vasodilation. Menstrual cycle phase and time of day alter reference signal controlling arm blood flow and sweating. Sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in sweating and cutaneous blood flow in response to passive heat exposure.
Effects of physical training on heat loss responses of young women to passive heating in relation to menstrual cycle. Control of sweating during the human menstrual cycle. Thermoregulation and the menstrual cycle. Effect of the menstrual cycle on performance of intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running in a hot environment. Exercise performance over the menstrual cycle in temperate and hot, humid conditions. Menstrual cycle phase does not modulate whole body heat loss during exercise in hot, dry conditions.
Humid heat stress affects trained female athletes more than does their menstrual phase. Individual variations in structure and function of human eccrine sweat gland. Sports Med. Minimal sodium losses through the skin. Chemical composition of sweat. Physiol Rev. Loss of minerals through the skin of normal humans when sweating is avoided.
Characterization of sweat induced with pilocarpine, physical exercise, and collected passively by metabolomic analysis. Skin Res Technol. Metabolomics analysis of human sweat collected after moderate exercise. The proteomic and metabolomic characterization of exercise-induced sweat for human performance monitoring: A pilot investigation.
Dissolution of materials in artificial skin surface film liquids. Toxicol In Vitro. Sweat lactate in man is derived from blood glucose. Stress biomarkers in biological fluids and their point-of-use detection. ACS Sens. Quantification of cortisol in human eccrine sweat by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry.
Formulation and stability of a novel artificial human sweat under conditions of storage and use. Whole body sweat collection in humans: an improved method with preliminary data on electrolyte content. Oxford textbook of sports medicine. Comparison of regional patch collection vs. Variations in regional sweat composition in normal human males. Sweat composition in exercise and in heat. Body map of regional versus whole body sweating rate and sweat electrolyte concentrations in men and women during moderate exercise-heat stress.
Low abundance of sweat duct Cl- channel CFTR in both healthy and cystic fibrosis athletes with exceptionally salty sweat during exercise. Factors influencing chloride concentration in human sweat. Osmotic pressure of human sweat. Changes in composition of sweat during acclimatization to heat.
Changes in the index of sweat ion concentration with increasing sweat during passive heat stress in humans. Normative data for regional sweat sodium concentration and whole-body sweating rate in athletes. J Sports Sci. Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation. Effect of skin temperature on salt concentration of sweat. Exercise intensity effects on total sweat electrolyte losses and regional vs. The local training effect of secretory activity on the response of eccrine sweat glands.
Lactate in human sweat: a critical review of research to the present day. J Physiol Sci. The relationship between exercise intensity and the sweat lactate excretion rate. Sweat lactate in exercising children and adolescents of varying physical maturity. Studies in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas; a simple test for the detection of excessive chloride on the skin.
N Engl J Med. Abnormal electrolyte composition of sweat in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas; clinical significance and relationship to the disease. A test for concentration of electrolytes in sweat in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas utilizing pilocarpine by iontophoresis. Cystic fibrosis. CFTR in cystic fibrosis and cholera: from membrane transport to clinical practice. Adv Physiol Educ. Genetic and other determinants of sweat sodium. Curr Sports Med Rep.
Sweat-testing: a review of current technical requirements. Pediatr Pulmonol. Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by sweat testing: age-specific reference intervals. J Pediatr. Relationship between sweat chloride, sodium, and age in clinically obtained samples. J Cyst Fibros. An unusual presentation of cystic fibrosis in an adult.
Am J Kidney Dis. Hypochloremia and hyponatremia as the initial presentation of cystic fibrosis in three adults. Ann Endocrinol Paris. Cystic fibrosis presenting as hyponatraemic heat exhaustion. Sweat chloride concentrations in infants homozygous or heterozygous for F cystic fibrosis. Sixty-five years since the New York heat wave: advances in sweat testing for cystic fibrosis. Physiological basis of cystic fibrosis: a historical perspective. Cystic fibrosis: lessons from the sweat gland.
Physiology Bethesda. Wearable physiological systems and technologies for metabolic monitoring. Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects. Lab Chip. A modified anaerobic method of sweat collection. Zinc, iron, and nitrogen content of sweat in normal and deficient subjects. Iron content of thermal sweat in iron-deficiency anaemia.
Real-time colorimetric hydration sensor for sport activities. Mater Des. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. A wearable patch for continuous monitoring of sweat electrolytes during exertion.
Adhesive RFID sensor patch for monitoring of sweat electrolytes. Acute effects of dehydration on sweat composition in men during prolonged exercise in the heat. Muscle water and electrolytes following varied levels of dehydration in man.
Voluntary dehydration and electrolyte losses during prolonged exercise in the heat. Secretion of electrolytes in thermal sweat. Impaired high-intensity cycling performance time at low levels of dehydration. Output of NaCl by sweat glands and kidneys in relation to dehydration and to salt depletion.
Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. Heat of evaporation of sweat: thermodynamic considerations. Predicting sweat loss response to exercise, environment and clothing. Describing individual variation in local sweating during exercise in a temperate environment.
Handbook of physiology. The evaporative requirement for heat balance determines whole-body sweat rate during exercise under conditions permitting full evaporation. Die Regulation der Korpertemperatur beiMuskelarbeit. Skand Arch Physiol. Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes. Sweat constitutes several natural moisturizing factors, lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium.
Sweat facilitated amino acid losses in male athletes during exercise at degrees C. Sweat from gland to skin surface: production, transport, and skin absorption. Sweat is a most efficient natural moisturizer providing protective immunity at points of allergen entry.
Allergol Int. Chemistry of palmar sweat; discussion of studies on chloride, urea, glucose, uric acid, ammonia nitrogen and creatinine. Arch Derm Syphilol. Dermcidin: a novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands. Nat Immunol.
Cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide expression in sweat, an innate defense system for the skin. An antimicrobial protein, lactoferrin exists in the sweat: proteomic analysis of sweat. Exp Dermatol. Sweat, the driving force behind normal skin: an emerging perspective on functional biology and regulatory mechanisms.
Sweat as an efficient natural moisturizer. Curr Probl Dermatol. Antimicrobial skin peptides and proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci. Heat acclimation causes a linear decrease in sweat sodium ion concentration.
J Therm Biol. Sodium ion concentration vs. Effect of heat acclimation on sweat minerals. Acute and adaptive responses in humans to exercise in a warm, humid environment. Upper body sweat mapping provides evidence of relative sweat redistribution towards the periphery following hot-dry heat acclimation. Local versus whole-body sweating adaptations following 14 days of traditional heat acclimation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.
Aldosterone inhibition and acclimatization to heat. Proc Physiol Soc. Effects of dietary sodium on body and muscle potassium content during heat acclimation. The effect of salt deficiency in man on the volume of the extracellular fluids, and on the composition of sweat, saliva, gastric juice and cerebrospinal fluid.
Changes in bone mineral content in male athletes. Mechanisms of action and intervention effects. The effect of heat acclimation on sweat microminerals: artifact of surface contamination. Surface contamination artificially elevates initial sweat mineral concentrations. Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress. Sweat iron and zinc losses during prolonged exercise.
The dermal excretion under controlled environmental conditions of nitrogen and minerals in human subjects, with particular reference to calcium and iron. J Biol Chem. Eccrine glands secrete an odorless, clear fluid that helps the body to control its temperature by promoting heat loss through evaporation. In general, the type of sweat involved in hyperhidrosis is eccrine sweat. Apocrine glands are found in the armpits and genital region. They produce a thick fluid. Both the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands are activated by nerves.
In people who have excessive sweating or hyperhidrosis , the sweat glands eccrine glands in particular overreact to stimuli and are just generally overactive, producing more sweat than is necessary.
It's often said that people with hyperhidrosis have sweat glands that are stuck in the "on" position. Ready to learn more about hyperhidrosis? Listen to the Hyperhidrosis podcast now. When the sweat hits the air, the air makes it evaporate this means it turns from a liquid to a vapor. As the sweat evaporates off your skin, you cool down.
Sweat is a great cooling system, but if you're sweating a lot on a hot day or after playing hard you could be losing too much water through your skin. Then you need to put liquid back in your body by drinking plenty of water so you won't get dehydrated say: dee-HI-drayt-ed. Sweat isn't just wet — it can be kind of stinky, too. But the next time you get a whiff of yourself after running around outside and want to blame your sweat glands, hold on! Sweat by itself doesn't smell at all.
Bedbugs have highly developed mouth parts that can pierce skin. In most cases, we do not know what causes birthmarks. Most are harmless, happen by chance and are not caused by anything the mother did wrong in pregnancy. If you are bitten or stung by an insect or animal, apply first aid and seek medical treatment as soon as possible.
A blister is one of the body's responses to injury or friction. Severe blushing can make it difficult for the person to feel comfortable in social or professional situations.
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